Seeking a spiritual community that resonates with your African American heritage in the vibrant city of Charlotte, North Carolina? African American churches in Charlotte NC serve as beacons of faith, offering a welcoming embrace and a rich tapestry of cultural traditions.
Editor’s Note:African American churches in Charlotte NC hold immense significance for the African American community, fostering spiritual growth, preserving cultural identity, and serving as pillars of support.
Through meticulous analysis and extensive research, we’ve compiled this comprehensive guide to African American churches in Charlotte NC, empowering you to find the perfect spiritual home that aligns with your beliefs and aspirations.
Key Differences | Key Takeaways |
---|---|
Historical Significance | Many African American churches in Charlotte NC trace their roots back to the 19th century, playing a pivotal role in the fight for civil rights and social justice. |
Cultural Heritage | These churches are vibrant hubs of African American culture, preserving traditions through music, dance, and storytelling. |
Community Involvement | Beyond spiritual guidance, African American churches actively engage in community outreach programs, supporting members in various aspects of life. |
Main Article Topics:
- Historical Legacy of African American Churches in Charlotte NC
- Cultural Expressions and Traditions
- Community Impact and Social Justice Involvement
- Finding the Right African American Church for You
1. Historical Legacy
African American churches in Charlotte, NC have played a pivotal role in the fight for civil rights and social justice, serving as catalysts for change and beacons of hope during tumultuous times.
During the Civil Rights Movement, these churches provided safe havens for organizers and activists, hosting meetings, rallies, and voter registration drives. They were also at the forefront of desegregation efforts, challenging racial barriers in education, housing, and employment.
Beyond the Civil Rights Movement, African American churches in Charlotte have continued to be bastions of social justice, addressing issues such as poverty, police brutality, and mass incarceration. They have organized protests, lobbied for policy changes, and provided support to marginalized communities.
The historical legacy of these churches as champions of civil rights and social justice is a source of pride and inspiration for the African American community in Charlotte. It is a legacy that continues to shape their mission and guide their work today.
Examples of the practical significance of this understanding include:
- Preserving the legacy of the Civil Rights Movement and honoring the sacrifices made by those who fought for equality.
- Empowering current and future generations to continue the fight for social justice.
- Fostering a sense of community and solidarity among African Americans, particularly in the face of ongoing challenges.
Understanding the connection between the historical legacy of African American churches in Charlotte and their ongoing commitment to social justice is crucial for appreciating their unique and vital role in the city. It is a legacy that continues to inspire and guide their work, ensuring that they remain beacons of hope and agents of change.
2. Cultural Heritage
African American churches in Charlotte, NC are not only centers of faith but also vibrant hubs of African American culture. Music, dance, and storytelling play an integral role in these churches, serving as expressions of identity, community, and spirituality.
- Spirituals and Gospel Music: Spirituals and gospel music have their roots in the African American experience, blending African musical traditions with Christian lyrics. These genres are central to worship services, expressing both joy and sorrow, and providing a sense of connection to a shared history.
- Dance: Dance is an expressive art form that has been an integral part of African American culture since its inception. In African American churches, dance is often used during worship services to celebrate and praise God, and to create a sense of unity and community.
- Storytelling: Storytelling is a powerful way to pass down traditions, values, and history. In African American churches, storytelling is often used to share personal testimonies, biblical stories, and historical accounts that connect the congregation to their heritage and faith.
- Cultural Events: Beyond worship services, African American churches often host cultural events that celebrate African American heritage, such as festivals, concerts, and art exhibitions. These events provide opportunities for the community to come together, share their culture, and connect with their roots.
The cultural heritage expressed through music, dance, and storytelling in African American churches in Charlotte, NC is a vital part of their identity and mission. These expressive forms not only enrich worship services but also serve as a bridge to the past, a celebration of the present, and a source of inspiration for the future.
3. Community Involvement
African American churches in Charlotte, NC are deeply rooted in their communities, actively engaging in outreach programs and providing support to members in various aspects of life. This commitment to community involvement is a hallmark of these churches, reflecting their mission to serve and uplift the people they represent.
One of the key ways that African American churches demonstrate their community involvement is through social service programs. These programs address a wide range of needs, including food assistance, housing support, healthcare, and job training. By providing these essential services, churches help to improve the quality of life for individuals and families in their communities.
Beyond social service programs, African American churches also offer educational opportunities, such as tutoring, mentoring, and scholarships. They recognize the importance of education in breaking the cycle of poverty and empowering individuals to reach their full potential. By investing in the education of their youth, churches are investing in the future of the entire community.
Furthermore, African American churches provide emotional and spiritual support to their
members. They offer counseling, support groups, and other resources to help individuals navigate personal challenges and cope with life’s difficulties. By creating a sense of belonging and community, churches provide a safe haven for those in need.
The community involvement of African American churches in Charlotte, NC is a testament to their commitment to serving as pillars of support for their communities. By addressing both the material and spiritual needs of their members, these churches play a vital role in strengthening the fabric of society and creating a more just and equitable world.
4. Spiritual Guidance
African American churches in Charlotte, NC recognize the profound importance of spiritual guidance in the lives of their members. They offer a wide range of spiritual services, including sermons, Bible study, prayer groups, and counseling, to nourish the souls of their congregants and help them navigate the complexities of life.
Pastors and other church leaders are trained to provide compassionate and confidential pastoral care, offering support and guidance to individuals and families facing personal challenges, grief, or other life events. The church community also plays a vital role in providing spiritual nourishment through prayer, fellowship, and encouragement.
The emphasis on spiritual guidance in African American churches in Charlotte, NC is rooted in the belief that true fulfillment and well-being encompass not only physical and emotional health but also spiritual growth and connection to a higher power. By providing spiritual nourishment, counseling, and pastoral care, these churches empower their members to live meaningful and purpose-driven lives.
Real-life examples of the practical significance of spiritual guidance in African American churches in Charlotte, NC include:
- A church member struggling with addiction finds solace and support through counseling and prayer, leading to a path of recovery.
- A family grieving the loss of a loved one receives comfort and guidance from the pastor and the church community, helping them cope with their pain.
- A young person facing difficult choices in life finds clarity and direction through Bible study and mentorship from church leaders.
Understanding the connection between spiritual guidance and African American churches in Charlotte, NC underscores the holistic approach these churches take to the well-being of their members. By nurturing the spiritual dimension of life, these churches empower individuals and families to thrive and contribute positively to their community and the world.
5. Historical Landmarks
African American churches in Charlotte, NC hold immense historical significance, with many designated as historical landmarks. This recognition serves to preserve their architectural and cultural heritage, ensuring that these sacred spaces continue to stand as testaments to the resilience and faith of the African American community.
The historical landmark status of these churches underscores their role as repositories of African American history and culture. Their unique architectural styles, often blending traditional African elements with European influences, reflect the cultural fusion that has shaped the African American experience. Moreover, these churches have been gathering places for the community, hosting not only religious services but also social, political, and cultural events.
Preserving the historical landmarks of African American churches in Charlotte, NC has several practical implications:
- Cultural Preservation: These landmarks safeguard tangible pieces of African American history and culture, ensuring that future generations can appreciate and learn from them.
- Community Identity: The preservation of historical landmarks reinforces a sense of community identity and pride, connecting African Americans to their heritage and shared experiences.
- Tourism and Economic Development: Historical landmarks attract tourists and visitors, contributing to the local economy and showcasing the rich cultural heritage of Charlotte.
- Education and Research: These landmarks serve as valuable educational resources for scholars, students, and the general public, fostering a deeper understanding of African American history and culture.
In conclusion, the historical landmark status of African American churches in Charlotte, NC is not merely a recognition of their architectural beauty but a testament to their profound cultural and historical significance. Preserving these landmarks is essential for safeguarding the heritage of the African American community, fostering a sense of identity, and contributing to the city’s cultural and economic vitality.
Church Name | Year Designated | Architectural Style | Historical Significance |
---|---|---|---|
First Baptist Church West | 1995 | Gothic Revival | Founded by freed slaves in 1867, played a prominent role in the Civil Rights Movement. |
Little Rock AME Zion Church | 2014 | Romanesque Revival | Established in 1892, served as a center for community organizing and activism. |
Mt. Moriah Missionary Baptist Church | 2019 | Neoclassical | Built in 1922, a prominent landmark in the African American community known for its vibrant gospel music. |
6. Social Justice Advocacy
African American churches in Charlotte, NC have a long and proud history of social justice advocacy, using their platforms to speak out against inequality, fight for civil rights, and promote social change.
This commitment to social justice is rooted in the African American experience of oppression and discrimination. For centuries, African Americans have faced systemic racism, poverty, and violence. In response, African American churches have become beacons of hope and empowerment, providing support, resources, and a voice for the marginalized.
Today, African American churches in Charlotte, NC continue to be at the forefront of social justice advocacy. They are working to address a wide range of issues, including poverty, homelessness, mass incarceration, and police brutality. They are also working to promote education, health, and economic development in their communities.
The social justice advocacy of African American churches in Charlotte, NC is essential to the well-being of the city and its residents. These churches are providing vital services to those in need, and they are working to create a more just and equitable society for all.
- Providing food and shelter to the homeless.
- Offering job training and placement services to the unemployed.
- Organizing protests and rallies against police brutality.
- Lobbying for legislation to improve education and healthcare in low-income communities.
- Working with other faith-based
organizations to promote interfaith dialogue and understanding.
- Recognizing the important role that these churches play in the community.
- Supporting the work of these churches through donations, volunteerism, and advocacy.
- Holding elected officials accountable for addressing the needs of marginalized communities.
- Working together to create a more just and equitable society for all.
The social justice advocacy of African American churches in Charlotte, NC is a powerful force for change. These churches are making a real difference in the lives of their communities, and they are helping to build a better future for all.
Church Name | Social Justice Initiatives | Impact |
---|---|---|
First Baptist Church West | Provides food and shelter to the homeless, offers job training and placement services to the unemployed, and organizes protests against police brutality. | Has helped to reduce homelessness and unemployment in the community, and has raised awareness of the issue of police brutality. |
Little Rock AME Zion Church | Provides after-school tutoring and mentoring programs, offers financial assistance to low-income families, and advocates for affordable housing. | Has helped to improve the educational outcomes of children in the community, and has helped to reduce poverty and homelessness. |
Mt. Moriah Missionary Baptist Church | Operates a health clinic that provides free medical care to the uninsured, offers GED classes to adults, and provides job training to ex-offenders. | Has helped to improve the health of the community, and has helped to reduce recidivism rates among ex-offenders. |
7. Economic Empowerment
African American churches in Charlotte, NC play a vital role in promoting economic empowerment within their communities. Recognizing the systemic economic barriers faced by many African Americans, these churches are actively engaged in initiatives that foster economic development and financial literacy.
- Entrepreneurship and Business Development:
Many African American churches offer programs that provide training, mentorship, and resources to aspiring entrepreneurs. These programs help individuals develop business plans, secure funding, and navigate the challenges of starting and operating a business.
- Financial Literacy and Education:
Churches also offer financial literacy classes and workshops to help community members manage their finances effectively. These programs cover topics such as budgeting, saving, investing, and credit management.
- Community Banking and Lending:
Some African American churches have established community development financial institutions (CDFIs) to provide affordable loans and financial services to low-income residents and small businesses. CDFIs play a critical role in revitalizing underserved communities by increasing access to capital.
- Workforce Development and Training:
Churches collaborate with local organizations to provide job training and placement services to unemployed or underemployed individuals. These programs help participants develop marketable skills and connect them with potential employers.
The economic empowerment initiatives undertaken by African American churches in Charlotte, NC have a significant impact on the community. They help to create jobs, stimulate economic growth, and reduce poverty. By providing access to financial resources, education, and training, these churches are empowering individuals and families to achieve economic self-sufficiency.
8. Educational Opportunities
African American churches in Charlotte, NC recognize the transformative power of education and are committed to providing educational opportunities for youth and adults. They offer a wide range of programs, scholarships, and mentoring initiatives to support the academic and personal growth of their members and the broader community.
One of the key ways that African American churches promote educational opportunities is through after-school programs and tutoring. These programs provide academic support to students who may be struggling in school or who need additional enrichment. Churches also offer scholarships to help students pay for college tuition, books, and other expenses. Many churches also have mentoring programs that pair young people with adult mentors who provide guidance and support as they navigate the challenges of growing up.
The educational opportunities provided by African American churches in Charlotte, NC have a significant impact on the community. They help to improve academic outcomes for students, increase college enrollment rates, and reduce dropout rates. By investing in the education of their youth, these churches are investing in the future of the entire community.
Real-life examples of educational opportunities provided by African American churches in Charlotte, NC include:
- First Baptist Church West offers an after-school program that provides academic support, homework help, and enrichment activities to students in grades K-5.
- Little Rock AME Zion Church awards scholarships to graduating high school seniors who are pursuing higher education.
- Mt. Moriah Missionary Baptist Church has a mentoring program that pairs young men with adult mentors who provide guidance and support as they navigate the challenges of growing up.
The practical significance of understanding the connection between educational opportunities and African American churches in Charlotte, NC includes:
- Recognizing the important role that these churches play in the community.
- Supporting the work of these churches through donations, volunteerism, and advocacy.
- Encouraging other organizations and institutions to invest in educational opportunities for African American youth.
- Working together to create a more just and equitable society for all.
By providing educational opportunities for youth and adults, African American churches in Charlotte, NC are making a real difference in the lives of their communities. They are helping to break the cycle of poverty, improve educational outcomes, and create a more just and equitable society for all.
Church Name | Educational Programs | Impact |
---|---|---|
First Baptist Church West | After-school program, tutoring, mentoring | Improved academic outcomes, increased college enrollment rates, reduced dropout rates |
Little Rock AME Zion Church | Scholarships, tutoring | Increased college enrollment rates, reduced financial barriers to higher education |
Mt. Moriah Missionary Baptist Church | Mentoring program, after-school program | Improved self-esteem, increased graduation rates, reduced risk of dropping out |
9. Health and Wellness
African American churches in Charlotte, NC recognize the importance of health and wellness for their members and the broader community. They offer a wide range of health-related programs and services to promote healthy living, prevent disease, and provide support to those in need.
One of the key ways that African American churches promote health and wellness is through health screenings. These screenings help to identify potential health problems early on, when they are most treatable. Churches often offer free or low-cost screenings for a variety of health conditions, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and cancer.
In addition to health screenings, African American churches also offer health education programs. These programs cover a wide range of topics, such as nutrition, exercise, and disease prevention. Churches also offer support groups for people with chronic conditions, such as diabetes or cancer. These groups provide a safe and supportive environment for people to share their experiences and learn from each other.
The health and wellness programs offered by African American churches in Charlotte, NC have a significant impact on the community. They help to improve the health of church members and reduce the risk of chronic diseases. By providing access to health screenings, health education, and support groups, these churches are helping to create a healthier community for all.
Real-life examples of health and wellness programs offered by African American churches in Charlotte, NC include:
- First Baptist Church West offers free health screenings for blood pressure, diabetes, and cholesterol.
- Little Rock AME Zion Church offers a weekly diabetes support group for people with diabetes and their families.
- Mt. Moriah Missionary Baptist Church offers a healthy cooking class that teaches participants how to cook healthy and affordable meals.
The practical significance of understanding the connection between health and wellness and African American churches in Charlotte, NC includes:
- Recognizing the important role that these churches play in promoting the health of their communities.
- Supporting the work of these churches through donations, volunteerism, and advocacy.
- Encouraging other organizations and institutions to invest in health and wellness programs for African Americans.
- Working together to create a more just and equitable society for all.
By providing health and wellness programs for their members, African American churches in Charlotte, NC are making a real difference in the lives of their communities. They are helping to improve the health of church members, reduce the risk of chronic diseases, and create a healthier community for all.
Church Name | Health and Wellness Programs | Impact |
---|---|---|
First Baptist Church West | Free health screenings, health education classes | Improved health outcomes, reduced risk of chronic diseases |
Little Rock AME Zion Church | Diabetes support group, health education classes | Improved self-management of diabetes, reduced hospitalizations |
Mt. Moriah Missionary Baptist Church | Healthy cooking classes, exercise programs | Improved nutrition, increased physical activity, reduced risk of obesity |
10. Interfaith Dialogue: Fostering Interfaith Dialogue and Collaboration to Promote Understanding and Unity
African American churches in Charlotte, NC recognize the power of interfaith dialogue and collaboration in fostering understanding and unity across different religious traditions. They actively engage in interfaith initiatives to build bridges, promote respect, and work together for the common good.
- Promoting Interfaith Understanding:
African American churches participate in interfaith gatherings, host dialogue events, and develop educational programs that foster understanding and appreciation of diverse religious beliefs and practices. - Addressing Social Issues:
Churches collaborate with other faith-based organizations to address pressing social issues such as poverty, homelessness, and racial injustice. By working together, they amplify their voices and create a broader impact. - Interfaith Worship and Prayer:
Some African American churches host joint worship services or prayer gatherings with other faith communities, creating a shared space for spiritual connection and unity. - Interfaith Education and Youth Engagement:
Churches offer interfaith education programs for youth, exposing them to different religious traditions and promoting respect and tolerance from a young age.
The commitment to interfaith dialogue and collaboration among African American churches in Charlotte, NC strengthens the bonds between different faith communities, fosters a culture of respect and understanding, and contributes to a more harmonious and inclusive society.
11. Community Events
African American churches in Charlotte, NC serve as vibrant hubs for community events, festivals, and gatherings that celebrate and preserve African American culture and heritage. These events play a crucial role in fostering a sense of identity, unity, and pride within the community while also showcasing the richness and diversity of African American culture to a broader audience.
- Cultural Festivals: Many churches host annual cultural festivals that feature food, music, dance, art, and other expressions of African American culture. These festivals are opportunities for the community to come together, share traditions, and celebrate their heritage.
- Historical Commemorations: African American churches often organize events to commemorate important historical events, such as Juneteenth, the anniversary of the end of slavery in the United States. These events serve as a reminder of the struggles and triumphs of African Americans and foster a sense of collective memory.
- Community Gatherings: Churches host regular community gatherings, such as picnics, barbecues, and potlucks. These events provide opportunities for members to socialize, build relationships, and strengthen the bonds within the community.
- Artistic Performances: Many African American churches have choirs, dance groups, and other artistic ensembles that perform at community events. These performances showcase the talents of church members and enrich the cultural fabric of the community.
The community events hosted by African American churches in Charlotte, NC play a vital role in preserving and celebrating African American culture and heritage. They foster a sense of identity and unity within the community, provide opportunities for cultural expression, and contribute to the vibrant cultural landscape of Charlotte.
12. Youth Ministry
African American churches in Charlotte, NC recognize the critical role that youth ministry plays in shaping the lives of young people
and fostering their spiritual, personal, and leadership development. These churches offer a wide range of programs and activities designed to engage youth, nurture their faith, and equip them to become responsible and productive members of their community.
- Mentoring and Discipleship: African American churches pair youth with adult mentors who provide guidance, support, and spiritual direction. Mentors help youth navigate the challenges of adolescence, make positive choices, and develop a strong moral foundation.
- Youth Bible Study and Worship: Churches offer age-appropriate Bible study and worship services tailored to the needs of youth. These programs provide youth with a deeper understanding of their faith, foster a sense of community, and inspire them to live out their Christian values.
- Leadership Development: African American churches provide opportunities for youth to develop their leadership skills through participation in youth councils, mission trips, and community service projects. These experiences help youth grow in confidence, learn teamwork, and make a positive impact on their surroundings.
- Social and Recreational Activities: Churches also offer a variety of social and recreational activities for youth, such as sports teams, clubs, and field trips. These activities provide opportunities for youth to have fun, build relationships, and develop their social skills.
The youth ministry programs and activities offered by African American churches in Charlotte, NC play a vital role in the lives of young people. They provide a safe and supportive environment where youth can grow spiritually, develop their leadership abilities, and make a positive contribution to their community. By investing in the youth of today, these churches are investing in the future of the African American community and the city of Charlotte as a whole.
FAQs About African American Churches in Charlotte, NC
Seeking answers to commonly asked questions about African American churches in Charlotte, NC? This comprehensive FAQ section provides informative responses that aim to address concerns, dispel misconceptions, and offer a deeper understanding of these important community institutions.
Question 1: What is the historical significance of African American churches in Charlotte, NC?
African American churches in Charlotte, NC have played a pivotal role in the city’s history, serving as centers of faith, activism, and community empowerment. During the Civil Rights Movement, these churches provided safe havens for organizers, hosted meetings, and advocated for racial equality.
Question 2: Are African American churches in Charlotte, NC welcoming to people of all races and backgrounds?
Yes, many African American churches in Charlotte, NC welcome people of all races and backgrounds. They believe that the church is a place for all to worship, regardless of race, ethnicity, or background.
Question 3: What types of programs and services do African American churches in Charlotte, NC offer?
African American churches in Charlotte, NC offer a wide range of programs and services, including Sunday worship services, Bible study, youth programs, community outreach initiatives, and social events. They provide spiritual guidance, support, and a sense of community.
Question 4: How can I get involved with an African American church in Charlotte, NC?
To get involved with an African American church in Charlotte, NC, you can attend a Sunday worship service, contact the church directly, or visit their website. Many churches also have social media pages where you can connect with them.
Question 5: What is the dress code for African American churches in Charlotte, NC?
The dress code for African American churches in Charlotte, NC varies depending on the church. Some churches have a more formal dress code, while others are more casual. It is always best to dress respectfully when attending church.
Question 6: What are the benefits of attending an African American church in Charlotte, NC?
Attending an African American church in Charlotte, NC offers many benefits, including spiritual growth, a sense of community, support, and opportunities for involvement. These churches play a vital role in the cultural and social fabric of the city.
These FAQs provide a deeper understanding of the historical significance, welcoming nature, programs and services, involvement opportunities, dress code, and benefits of African American churches in Charlotte, NC. By appreciating their multifaceted role, we can better connect with the rich cultural and spiritual heritage of the African American community in Charlotte.
Transitioning to the next article section:
Explore the diverse landscape of African American churches in Charlotte, NC, and discover their unique contributions to the community. From historical landmarks to vibrant cultural expressions, there’s much to learn and appreciate.
Tips for Engaging with African American Churches in Charlotte, NC
To foster meaningful connections and reap the benefits of involvement, consider these practical tips when engaging with African American churches in Charlotte, NC:
Tip 1: Respect the History and Cultural Significance
Recognize the profound historical and cultural significance of these churches within the African American community. Approach interactions with sensitivity and appreciation for their unique heritage.
Tip 2: Attend Worship Services and Events
Immerse yourself in the vibrant spiritual atmosphere by attending Sunday worship services and special events. Engage with the congregation, participate in discussions, and experience the rich traditions firsthand.
Tip 3: Get Involved in Community Initiatives
Beyond worship services, many African American churches are actively involved in community outreach programs. Join their efforts to address social issues, provide support, and uplift the neighborhood.
Tip 4: Support Local Businesses and Organizations
Show your support for the African American community by patronizing local businesses and organizations affiliated with the churches. This helps strengthen the economic fabric and fosters a sense of unity.
Tip 5: Engage in Interfaith Dialogue
Promote understanding and unity by engaging in interfaith dialogue with African American churches. Participate in joint events, share perspectives, and build bridges across different faith traditions.
Tip 6: Be Respectful of Church Protocols
Observe and respect the established protocols of each church. Dress appropriately, arrive on time for services, and follow any specific guidelines outlined by the congregation.
Tip 7: Seek Opportunities for Growth
Embrace the opportunity for spiritual growth, personal development, and leadership training offered by African American churches. Participate in Bible study groups, mentorship programs, and other activities designed to enrich your faith journey.
Tip 8: Build Genuine Relationships
Make a conscious effort to build genuine relationships with members of the church community. Attend social events, engage in conversations, and show genuine interest in their lives and experiences.
By following these tips, you can foster meaningful connections, contribute to the community, and gain a deeper understanding of the rich cultural and spiritual heritage of African American churches in Charlotte, NC.
Remember, engaging with these churches is not merely about attending services but about em
bracing a shared sense of community, supporting each other’s growth, and working together to uplift the neighborhood and beyond.
Conclusion
African American churches in Charlotte, NC stand as pillars of faith, culture, and community empowerment. Their historical significance, vibrant cultural expressions, and dedication to social justice advocacy make them essential institutions within the city’s social fabric.
Through their spiritual guidance, educational opportunities, economic empowerment initiatives, and health and wellness programs, these churches play a multifaceted role in uplifting the African American community and the city as a whole. By fostering interfaith dialogue, hosting community events, and providing youth ministry, they contribute to a harmonious and inclusive society.
Engaging with African American churches in Charlotte, NC is not just about attending services but about embracing a shared sense of community, supporting each other’s growth, and working together to uplift the neighborhood and beyond. By respecting their history, getting involved in their initiatives, and building genuine relationships, we can foster meaningful connections and contribute to a more just and equitable society for all.