Sweet and delectable, South African candy is a vibrant and diverse reflection of the country’s rich culture and heritage. From the classic flavors of koeksisters and melktert to the more modern twists on traditional sweets, there’s something to satisfy every sweet tooth in this culinary wonderland. So, are you ready to embark on a sugary adventure and discover the delightful world of South African candy?
Editor’s Note: South African candy holds a special place in the hearts of locals and visitors alike. Its unique flavors and textures are a testament to the country’s culinary creativity and its vibrant cultural heritage. Whether you’re a first-time visitor or a seasoned candy connoisseur, this guide will take you on a sweet journey through the delectable delights of South African candy.
Through extensive research and analysis, we’ve put together this comprehensive guide to help you make informed decisions about your sugary indulgences. From the most popular candy brands to the hidden gems waiting to be discovered, we’ve got you covered. So, sit back, relax, and prepare to have your taste buds tantalized as we dive into the sweet and wonderful world of South African candy.
Key Differences | Key Takeaways |
---|---|
Unique flavors and textures | A reflection of South Africa’s diverse culture and heritage |
Classic and modern twists | A blend of traditional and contemporary candy-making techniques |
Wide variety of options | Something to satisfy every sweet tooth |
Now that you have a taste of what South African candy has to offer, let’s delve deeper into the main article topics:
- The history of South African candy
- The most popular South African candy brands
- Hidden gems of South African candy
- The health benefits of South African candy (if any)
- The future of South African candy
1. Sweet and Sugary
South African candy is renowned for its sweetness, offering a burst of sugary goodness that tantalizes taste buds. This defining characteristic is deeply ingrained in the country’s candy-making traditions and plays a significant role in shaping the overall experience of South African candy.
- Facet 1: Historical Roots
The sugary nature of South African candy can be traced back to the country’s colonial history. During the 17th century, European settlers introduced sugar to the region, which quickly became a popular ingredient in local confectionery. Over time, South African candy makers developed their own unique recipes and techniques, incorporating sugar as a key component.
- Facet 2: Cultural Influences
The sweetness of South African candy also reflects the country’s diverse cultural influences. The influx of Indian laborers in the 19th century brought new flavors and techniques to South African candy making, including the use of jaggery, a natural sweetener derived from sugarcane. Additionally, the candy-making traditions of neighboring African countries have influenced the development of South African candy.
- Facet 3: Local Ingredients
South African candy makers often incorporate local ingredients into their creations, adding a unique twist to the sugary experience. For example, rooibos tea-infused chocolates combine the sweetness of candy with the earthy, slightly bitter notes of rooibos tea, creating a distinctive flavor profile.
- Facet 4: Modern Innovations
While South African candy retains its traditional sugary characteristics, modern candy makers are experimenting with new flavors and textures, pushing the boundaries of sweetness. From sugar-free candies to artisanal chocolates with complex flavor combinations, South African candy makers are constantly innovating to meet the evolving tastes of consumers.
In conclusion, the sweetness of South African candy is a defining characteristic that reflects the country’s history, cultural influences, local ingredients, and modern innovations. This sugary goodness is an integral part of the South African candy experience, offering a burst of flavor that delights taste buds and creates cherished memories.
2. Nostalgic Flavors
The nostalgic flavors of classic South African candies, such as koeksisters and melktert, hold a special place in the hearts of many South Africans. These candies evoke fond memories of childhood and family gatherings, creating a strong connection between South African candy and personal experiences.
The importance of these nostalgic flavors lies in their ability to transport people back to a simpler time, when life was sweeter and memories were made. The taste of a koeksister, with its crispy outer shell and sweet, syrupy center, canly bring back memories of childhood parties and family celebrations. Similarly, the creamy richness of melktert, a traditional South African custard tart, can evoke a sense of warmth and comfort, reminding people of family gatherings and shared moments.
Understanding the connection between nostalgic flavors and South African candy is important for several reasons. Firstly, it helps us appreciate the cultural significance of these candies and their role in shaping South African identity. Secondly, it highlights the importance of preserving traditional candy-making techniques and recipes to ensure that future generations can experience these nostalgic flavors. Finally, it provides insights into the emotional and psychological impact of food, demonstrating how certain flavors can trigger powerful memories and emotions.
Candy | Nostalgic Flavors | Memories and Emotions |
---|---|---|
Koeksisters | Crispy outer shell, sweet, syrupy center | Childhood parties, family celebrations |
Melktert | Creamy richness, traditional custard tart | Family gatherings, shared moments, comfort |
3. Local Ingredients
The use of local ingredients in South African candy is not merely a matter of taste; it is a reflection of the country’s rich natural resources and cultural heritage. By incorporating indigenous ingredients such as rooibos tea and buchu into their candies, South African candy makers are showcasing the unique flavors and aromas of their homeland.
Rooibos tea, a caffeine-free herbal tea with a slightly sweet and earthy flavor, has become a popular ingredient in South African candies. R
ooibos tea-infused chocolates, for example, combine the sweetness of chocolate with the health benefits of rooibos tea, creating a unique and flavorful treat. Buchu, a plant native to South Africa with a minty, slightly medicinal flavor, is also used in a variety of South African candies, including buchu drops and buchu-flavored chocolates.
The use of local ingredients in South African candy has several benefits. Firstly, it helps to promote sustainable and environmentally friendly practices by reducing the need for imported ingredients. Secondly, it supports local farmers and businesses, contributing to the economic development of the country. Thirdly, it allows South African candy makers to create unique and authentic flavors that are not found anywhere else in the world.
Candy | Local Ingredient | Flavor Profile |
---|---|---|
Rooibos tea-infused chocolates | Rooibos tea | Sweet, earthy, slightly bitter |
Buchu drops | Buchu | Minty, slightly medicinal |
Understanding the connection between local ingredients and South African candy is important for several reasons. Firstly, it helps us appreciate the cultural significance of these candies and their role in shaping South African identity. Secondly, it highlights the importance of preserving traditional candy-making techniques and recipes to ensure that future generations can experience these unique flavors. Finally, it provides insights into the growing trend of using local ingredients in food production, demonstrating how this practice can contribute to sustainability, economic development, and cultural preservation.
4. Cultural Influences
South African candy is a melting pot of cultural influences, reflecting the country’s diverse history and heritage. The blend of traditional African flavors and European confectionery techniques has resulted in a unique and vibrant candy landscape that is both familiar and exotic.
Traditional African flavors, such as rooibos tea, buchu, and marula, add a distinctive twist to South African candy. Rooibos tea-infused chocolates, for example, combine the sweetness of chocolate with the earthy, slightly bitter notes of rooibos tea, creating a unique and flavorful treat. Buchu drops, made with the minty, slightly medicinal buchu plant, offer a refreshing and invigorating candy experience. Marula chocolates, made with the fruit of the marula tree, have a sweet and tangy flavor that is reminiscent of tropical fruits.
European confectionery techniques, introduced by Dutch and British settlers, have also played a significant role in shaping South African candy. Classic European candies, such as toffees, caramels, and gummies, have been adapted to suit South African tastes and preferences. South African toffees, for example, are often made with local ingredients, such as rooibos tea or buchu, giving them a unique South African twist.
The combination of traditional African flavors and European confectionery techniques has resulted in a diverse range of South African candies, each with its own unique story to tell. From rooibos tea-infused chocolates to buchu drops and marula chocolates, South African candy offers a taste of the country’s rich cultural heritage.
Understanding the connection between cultural influences and South African candy is important for several reasons. Firstly, it helps us appreciate the diversity and complexity of South African candy. Secondly, it highlights the importance of preserving traditional candy-making techniques and recipes to ensure that future generations can experience these unique flavors. Finally, it provides insights into the role of food in shaping cultural identity and heritage.
Candy | Cultural Influence | Flavor Profile |
---|---|---|
Rooibos tea-infused chocolates | African (rooibos tea) | Sweet, earthy, slightly bitter |
Buchu drops | African (buchu) | Minty, slightly medicinal |
Marula chocolates | African (marula fruit) | Sweet, tangy, tropical |
Toffees | European | Buttery, sweet, chewy |
Caramels | European | Sweet, sticky, buttery |
Gummies | European | Gelatinous, chewy, fruity |
5. Diverse Textures
The diverse textures of South African candy are an integral part of its appeal, offering a sensory experience that delights taste buds and creates lasting memories. The chewy delight of koeksisters, a deep-fried pastry drenched in sweet syrup, contrasts beautifully with the smooth creaminess of melktert, a traditional custard tart. These contrasting textures provide a unique and satisfying eating experience that is uniquely South African.
The importance of diverse textures in South African candy cannot be overstated. Texture plays a crucial role in the overall taste and enjoyment of candy. A chewy candy, such as a koeksister, provides a satisfying bite and a lingering flavor that keeps taste buds engaged. A smooth candy, such as a melktert, offers a velvety texture that melts in the mouth, creating a sense of indulgence and comfort.
Understanding the connection between diverse textures and South African candy is essential for several reasons. Firstly, it helps us appreciate the complexity and richness of South African candy. Secondly, it highlights the importance of preserving traditional candy-making techniques and recipes to ensure that future generations can experience these unique textures. Finally, it provides insights into the role of texture in food enjoyment and sensory perception.
The following table provides a detailed breakdown of the diverse textures found in South African candy:
Candy | Texture | Description |
---|---|---|
Koeksisters | Chewy | Deep-fried pastry drenched in sweet syrup, with a crispy outer layer and a chewy interior. |
Melktert | Smooth | Traditional custard tart with a creamy filling and a buttery pastry crust. |
Gummies | Gelatinous | Chewy, translucent candies made with gelatin and flavored with fruit juices or other flavorings. |
Toffees | Buttery | Chewy, sticky candies made with butter, sugar, and milk. |
Caramels | Sticky | Chewy, sticky candies made with sugar, butter, and cream. |
6. Handmade Traditions
The connection between handmade traditions and South African candy is deeply rooted in the country’s cultural heritage and culinary practices. Many South African candies are still handcrafted using traditional methods, ensuring authenticity and a personal touch that mass-produced candies often lack.
- Preservation of Traditional Flavors and Techniques
Handmade candies allow candy makers to preserve traditional flavors and techniques that have
been passed down through generations. By using traditional recipes and methods, candy makers ensure that the unique flavors and textures of South African candy are maintained. - Support for Local Artisans and Businesses
Handmade candies support local artisans and small businesses. Many South African candies are made by small-scale candy makers who use traditional methods to create unique and flavorful treats. Supporting these artisans helps to preserve traditional candy-making skills and contributes to the local economy.
- Enhanced Sensory Experience
Handmade candies often have a more intense and flavorful taste compared to mass-produced candies. This is because candy makers can carefully control the ingredients and cooking process, resulting in a superior sensory experience.
- Connection to Cultural Heritage
Handmade candies are a tangible connection to South Africa’s cultural heritage. They represent the skills and traditions of generations of candy makers and provide a glimpse into the country’s culinary history.
In conclusion, handmade traditions play a vital role in shaping the authenticity, flavor, and cultural significance of South African candy. By preserving traditional methods and supporting local artisans, we can ensure that future generations can continue to enjoy the unique and delectable flavors of handmade South African candies.
7. Global Recognition
South African candy has gained global recognition for its unique flavors, particularly rooibos tea-infused chocolates, which have captured the attention of international consumers. This recognition stems from the distinctive taste and innovative use of local ingredients in South African candies.
- Unique Flavor Profiles
South African candies offer a fusion of traditional African flavors and modern confectionery techniques, resulting in unique flavor profiles that set them apart from candies produced elsewhere. Rooibos tea-infused chocolates, for example, combine the earthy notes of rooibos tea with the sweetness of chocolate, creating a taste experience that is both familiar and exotic.
- Use of Local Ingredients
South African candy makers incorporate local ingredients, such as rooibos tea, buchu, and marula fruit, into their creations. These ingredients add a distinctive South African touch to the candies and contribute to their unique flavors. Rooibos tea-infused chocolates, for instance, showcase the unique flavors of South Africa’s indigenous rooibos tea.
- International Demand
The growing demand for South African candies in international markets is a testament to their exceptional quality and taste. Rooibos tea-infused chocolates have become particularly popular, with exports reaching various countries around the world. This international demand has helped to raise the profile of South African candy and has contributed to the country’s reputation as a producer of high-quality confectionery.
- Cultural Exchange
The global recognition of South African candies has facilitated cultural exchange and has introduced South African flavors to a wider audience. Rooibos tea-infused chocolates have become a symbol of South African culinary innovation and have helped to promote the country’s diverse cultural heritage on a global scale.
In conclusion, the global recognition of South African candies, particularly rooibos tea-infused chocolates, is a testament to their unique flavors and innovative use of local ingredients. This recognition has contributed to the growing demand for South African candies in international markets and has helped to raise the profile of South African candy on a global scale.
8. Childhood Delights
South African candy holds a special place in the hearts of locals, evoking memories of childhood and cherished moments. This connection stems from various factors, including the nostalgic flavors, cultural significance, and emotional associations that South African candy carries.
- Nostalgic Flavors
The nostalgic flavors of South African candy, such as koeksisters and melktert, evoke fond memories of childhood. These flavors are often associated with family gatherings, holidays, and special occasions, creating a strong emotional bond between South African candy and cherished moments from the past.
- Cultural Significance
South African candy is deeply rooted in the country’s cultural heritage. Traditional candies, such as melktert and malva pudding, have been passed down through generations and hold cultural significance. Sharing these candies with family and friends helps to preserve cultural traditions and strengthen community bonds.
- Emotional Associations
South African candy often triggers positive emotions and associations. The taste of a koeksister can bring back memories of childhood parties, while the sight of a melktert can evoke feelings of comfort and nostalgia. These emotional associations create a special bond between South African candy and cherished moments from the past.
- Sensory Experience
The sensory experience of South African candy contributes to its nostalgic appeal. The chewy texture of a koeksister, the creamy filling of a melktert, and the sweet taste of a peppermint crisp engage the senses and create lasting memories. These sensory experiences become associated with childhood and cherished moments, making South African candy an important part of the collective cultural experience.
In conclusion, the connection between South African candy and childhood delights is multifaceted, involving nostalgic flavors, cultural significance, emotional associations, and sensory experiences. These factors combine to create a strong bond between South African candy and cherished memories, ensuring its special place in the hearts of locals.
9. Sweet Souvenirs
The connection between sweet souvenirs and South African candy is rooted in the desire to preserve memories and share cultural experiences. Visitors to South Africa often purchase local candies as souvenirs to take a taste of the country’s sweet offerings back home, creating a unique and memorable connection to their travels.
- Cultural Exchange
The exchange of sweet souvenirs is a form of cultural exchange, allowing visitors to experience and appreciate the unique flavors and traditions of South African candy. By purchasing local candies, visitors contribute to the preservation and promotion of South African culinary heritage.
- Memorable Experiences
Local candies serve as tangible reminders of memorable experiences in South Africa. The taste of a koeksister or the aroma of a rooibos tea-infused chocolate can evoke vivid memories of exploring local markets, visiting cultural landmarks, and interacting with friendly locals.
- Taste of South Africa
Sweet souvenirs offer visitors a convenient way to share the flavors of South Africa with fam
ily and friends back home. Local candies provide a glimpse into the country’s diverse culinary landscape, showcasing the unique flavors and ingredients that make South African candy special. - Promoting Local Businesses
The purchase of sweet souvenirs supports local businesses and entrepreneurs. Small-scale candy makers and traditional sweet shops rely on tourism to sustain their livelihoods. By purchasing local candies, visitors contribute to the economic growth and development of South African communities.
In conclusion, the connection between sweet souvenirs and South African candy extends beyond mere consumption. It represents a desire to preserve memories, share cultural experiences, and support local businesses. Through the exchange of sweet souvenirs, visitors to South Africa can take a taste of the country’s rich culinary heritage and create lasting connections to their travels.
10. Evolving Flavors
The connection between evolving flavors and South African candy lies in the dynamic and innovative spirit of candy makers who are constantly pushing the boundaries of taste and texture to create new and exciting candy experiences. This continuous innovation is a driving force behind the vibrant and diverse candy landscape of South Africa.
Cause and Effect: The evolution of flavors in South African candy is both a cause and effect of the country’s rich culinary heritage and diverse cultural influences. Candy makers draw inspiration from traditional flavors and techniques while incorporating modern ingredients and global trends to create unique and distinctive candies.
Importance of Evolving Flavors: The creation of new flavors is crucial for the growth and success of South African candy. It allows candy makers to cater to the evolving tastes of consumers, stay competitive in the global candy market, and establish a strong brand identity.
Real-Life Examples: Some notable examples of innovative flavors in South African candy include rooibos tea-infused chocolates, buchu-flavored gummies, and marula fruit caramels. These candies showcase the creativity and skill of South African candy makers and have gained popularity both locally and internationally.
Practical Significance: Understanding the connection between evolving flavors and South African candy is important for several reasons. Firstly, it highlights the importance of innovation in the candy industry. Secondly, it provides insights into the cultural and culinary influences that shape the development of new flavors. Thirdly, it helps consumers appreciate the diversity and creativity of South African candy makers.
In conclusion, the evolving flavors of South African candy are a testament to the creativity and innovation of candy makers who are constantly exploring new taste experiences. This dynamic candy landscape not only satisfies the sweet cravings of consumers but also contributes to the rich culinary heritage of South Africa.
Candy | Innovative Flavor | Description |
---|---|---|
Chocolates | Rooibos tea-infused | Creamy chocolate infused with the earthy flavors of rooibos tea. |
Gummies | Buchu-flavored | Chewy gummies infused with the minty, slightly medicinal flavor of buchu. |
Caramels | Marula fruit | Buttery caramels infused with the sweet and tangy flavor of marula fruit. |
11. Reflection of Heritage
The connection between “Reflection of Heritage: South African candy serves as a reflection of the country’s rich cultural heritage, showcasing its unique blend of flavors and traditions.” and “South African candy” is deeply rooted in the country’s history, cultural diversity, and culinary practices. South African candy serves as a tangible representation of the nation’s heritage, offering a glimpse into its past and present.
Cause and Effect: The unique flavors and traditions of South African candy are a direct result of the country’s rich cultural heritage. Over the centuries, South Africa has been influenced by various cultures, including African, European, and Asian, each of which has left its mark on the country’s culinary landscape. This blend of influences has resulted in a diverse range of candy flavors and traditions that are uniquely South African.
Importance of Reflection of Heritage: Understanding the connection between South African candy and its cultural heritage is crucial for several reasons. Firstly, it provides insights into the country’s history and cultural diversity. Secondly, it helps us appreciate the unique flavors and traditions that make South African candy special. Thirdly, it highlights the importance of preserving cultural heritage through culinary traditions.
Real-Life Examples: Some notable examples of South African candies that reflect the country’s heritage include koeksisters, melktert, and peppermint crisps. Koeksisters are a deep-fried pastry drenched in sweet syrup, a delicacy with Dutch origins that has become a staple of South African cuisine. Melktert is a traditional custard tart with a creamy filling and a buttery pastry crust, a dessert that showcases the country’s Afrikaans heritage. Peppermint crisps are a refreshing candy with a minty flavor, a treat that has been enjoyed by South Africans for generations.
Practical Significance: Understanding the connection between South African candy and its cultural heritage has several practical applications. Firstly, it helps candy makers create new flavors and products that are authentic and resonate with consumers. Secondly, it assists in the preservation of traditional candy-making techniques and recipes. Thirdly, it promotes cultural tourism and provides a unique way for visitors to experience South Africa’s rich heritage.
In conclusion, the connection between “Reflection of Heritage: South African candy serves as a reflection of the country’s rich cultural heritage, showcasing its unique blend of flavors and traditions.” and “South African candy” is significant. South African candy is not merely a sweet treat but a reflection of the country’s diverse history, cultural influences, and culinary traditions. Understanding this connection allows us to appreciate the unique flavors and traditions of South African candy and its importance in preserving the country’s cultural heritage.
Detailed Information Table:
Candy | Cultural Heritage | Description |
---|---|---|
Koeksisters | Dutch | Deep-fried pastry drenched in sweet syrup |
Melktert | Afrikaans | Traditional custard tart with a creamy filling and a buttery pastry crust |
Peppermint Crisps | British | Refreshing candy with a minty flavor |
Frequently Asked Questions about South African Candy
South African candy offers a tantalizing array of flavors and textures, captivating the taste buds of locals and visitors alike. To enhance your understanding and appreciation of this delectable treat, we present a comprehensive FAQ section addressing common questions and misconceptions.
Question 1: What sets South Afri
can candy apart from candies produced elsewhere?
South African candy distinguishes itself with its unique fusion of traditional African flavors and modern confectionery techniques. This harmonious blend results in an explosion of distinctive taste experiences that delight and surprise the palate.
Question 2: Are there any notable ingredients commonly used in South African candy?
Indeed. South African candy makers proudly incorporate local ingredients into their creations, adding a touch of authenticity and showcasing the country’s rich natural resources. Rooibos tea, buchu, and marula fruit are just a few examples of these indigenous ingredients that lend their distinctive flavors.
Question 3: How does South African candy reflect the country’s cultural diversity?
South African candy serves as a reflection of the nation’s vibrant cultural heritage. The diverse range of flavors and textures mirrors the country’s unique blend of African, European, and Asian influences, each contributing to the creation of a truly captivating candy landscape.
Question 4: Is South African candy readily available outside of South Africa?
While South African candy is primarily enjoyed within the country’s borders, its popularity has extended beyond its shores. Certain brands and flavors have gained international recognition and can be found in select specialty stores and online retailers catering to discerning candy enthusiasts.
Question 5: What are some popular and iconic South African candy brands?
South Africa boasts a plethora of beloved candy brands, each with its own unique offerings. Some notable names include Beacon, Cadbury, and Chupa Chups, which have captured the hearts of generations of South Africans with their delectable creations.
Question 6: How can I incorporate South African candy into my culinary adventures?
South African candy offers endless possibilities for culinary exploration. Try incorporating it into desserts, baking recipes, or simply enjoy it as a sweet treat. Its unique flavors can add an unexpected twist to your culinary creations, leaving a lasting impression on your taste buds.
In conclusion, South African candy is a captivating confectionery experience that celebrates the country’s rich heritage, diverse flavors, and cultural influences. By delving into the world of South African candy, you embark on a journey of taste and discovery that will leave you craving for more.
Exploring Further: Dive deeper into the world of South African candy and uncover its fascinating history, traditional techniques, and innovative creations. Our comprehensive article provides an in-depth exploration of this delectable subject, leaving you with a newfound appreciation for the sweet side of South Africa.
Tips for Enjoying South African Candy
Indulge in the delectable world of South African candy with these essential tips:
Tip 1: Explore Local Markets
Venture into local markets to discover hidden gems and authentic candy creations. Interact with friendly vendors and learn about the rich history behind each treat.
Tip 2: Savor Traditional Flavors
Embrace the unique flavors that define South African candy. Sample koeksisters, melktert, and peppermint crisps to experience a true taste of the country’s culinary heritage.
Tip 3: Experiment with Local Ingredients
Indulge in candies infused with indigenous ingredients like rooibos tea, buchu, and marula fruit. These local flavors offer a tantalizing twist on classic candy experiences.
Tip 4: Support Local Businesses
By purchasing candy from small-scale producers and traditional sweet shops, you contribute to the preservation of South African candy-making traditions and support local entrepreneurs.
Tip 5: Pair Candy with Local Cuisine
Elevate your culinary adventures by pairing South African candy with traditional dishes. The sweet flavors can complement the savory notes of braais, potjiekos, and other local delicacies.
Tip 6: Learn about Candy-Making Techniques
Immerse yourself in the art of South African candy making. Visit candy factories or attend workshops to witness traditional techniques and gain a deeper appreciation for the craftsmanship involved.
Tip 7: Share the Sweetness
Spread the joy of South African candy by sharing it with friends and family. The unique flavors and textures are sure to delight taste buds and create lasting memories.
In conclusion, embrace these tips to fully immerse yourself in the vibrant world of South African candy. From exploring local markets to savoring traditional flavors, each experience will deepen your appreciation for this delectable aspect of South African culture.
South African Candy
Our exploration of South African candy has unveiled a vibrant and diverse confectionery landscape, deeply rooted in the country’s rich cultural heritage and culinary traditions. From the nostalgic flavors of koeksisters to the innovative use of local ingredients, South African candy offers a unique and captivating taste experience that sets it apart from candies produced elsewhere.
The evolution of South African candy serves as a testament to the creativity and ingenuity of local candy makers, who have skillfully blended traditional flavors with modern techniques to create an ever-evolving candy landscape. This dedication to innovation ensures that South African candy remains a beloved treat, enjoyed by generations of South Africans and visitors alike.
As we conclude our journey into the sweet world of South African candy, we encourage you to embrace the opportunity to savor its unique flavors and textures. Whether you visit local markets, support local businesses, or simply indulge in a sweet treat, each experience will contribute to your understanding and appreciation of this delectable aspect of South African culture.